Outlook report for M&S(Marks & Spencer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Outlook report for M&S(tag & Spencer) - Essay ExampleThey are also planning to open up eco-friendly stores for their green credentials.Strategic planning process comprises of an important ingredient of external environmental analysis. Environmental analysis helps ascertain the state of factors internal to the firm which rouse further be classified as a firms Strength or Weakness while those external to the firm can be classified as Opportunities and threats. This study of the strategic environment is called SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis facilitates the extraction of strategic information which aids in matching a firms resources to the environment in which it operates.1) Acceleration of store renewal programme-M&S have already splited investing in their stores and completed about 70% of their modernization programme. They are planning to rise an additional 10% of space and open up an additional 5.5% of new space in the coming years. With launch of new eco-friendly store, they forget be commensurate to cut the down the cost tremendously in the next 5 years. Within one year, they are able to save around 20% of their elan vital in the store.2) Private labeled grocery- M&S sells 90% of its own victuals brands. Despite M&S experiencing difficult trading conditions in their habit departments, their food halls have continued to run successful business. It consistently offers innovative, high part and rigorously checked food.3) Everyday value shop with quality- Making Marks & Spencer a more convenient place to shop, the popular shopping basket items have reviewed prices without comprising with the qualities of the product. Although the comp any(prenominal) is working according to market price but without hampering their quality and standards.4) Variety of food products at one stop shop- Marks & Spencers ready to eat meals are long been famous for their great ingredients. As more of consumer start spending their time in kitchens and would be spending in the next 5 -10 years, they come with new range of 300 ingredients right starting from sugared herbs to bread and cakes-makes easier cooking starting from scratch.5) Expansion of stores and intensive use of space Currently in UK, there are 622 stores and 278 international stores all over the world. With the guess of resurging economy after 2 -3 years, they will be planning to expand their stores in UK as well as globally also. This makes their presence in UK stronger than any other brand. With the current downturn in the economy, they have already started utilizing the floor space for every square foot to its full potential. Selling space will be reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximize returns per square foot.Weakness1) Late entrant With the increasing disposable income of the passel and increasing awareness of the people about the healthy and dietary food, Marks & Spencer became a late entrant into this segment. Even talking about the experience of the store and one stop foo d shop, they had just entered into this segment. This becomes disadvantage for them as last mover.2) Strong presence in UK- It has strong presence only in UK. It has 622 stores in UK and 278 stores internationally, which

LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY - Essay ExampleHowever, countries having English as their first actors line, owe to protect and persist in it from foreign influences, displaying minor differences at large.Since the dominancy of English with the British World dominance in the 19th Century, the English Language not only progressed but became the language of Inter depicted object Business, Diplomacy and Science. Being the official Language of United Nations and International Olympics Committee, English seems to be the common medium of communication between countries, owing to its say-so as a global language. It is estimated to be spoken by 750 million people around the world as their first language.However, the public debate about the English Languages notion of standards has come into view since the 1980s. The concern had resulted in the devising of a National Curriculum for English. But the drive for national individuality and integrity has failed to achieve the target as arthrography of every language is dependent on its context, pronunciation and structure.Standard English is notoriously hard to define. The ideal and notion of Standard English lacks reference and base. Standard English is associated with authority, discipline and traditional, moral and social order (THOMAS & WAREING, 1999). It is a form of a dialect, with no topical anesthetic base of reference as to where it is from. Historically, English emerged from the combination of Celtic Language of the Britain inhabitants, which was mixed with the language of the emigrating Angles, Saxons and the Jutes. Hence, it is often taken as the different combinations of the linguistic features. In correct or more conceptual sense, it is taken as a written per formative. Orthography, grammar and vocabulary are chiefly what matter, or they in fact put up be the definition of Standard English as different countries where English is chiefly used like U.S, U.K, New Zealand,

Change models Essay Example for Free

Change feignings EssayScenario intend Supplementing Traditional Strategic Planning It is clear the rate of change in todays work environments has been aggravating with more emphasis nowadays on smaller teams, incremental and rapid delivery, faster payback, and give a authority project status reporting. This acceleration has instigated uncertainty that forced organisations to start supporting their strategic prep with a longer term perspective of planning called scenario planning or scenario thinking/analysis. Scenario check muchA Simple Method to Split a WordPress Post into Multiple Pages One of the most effective ways to increase the number of page views and decrease the bounce rate of your site is by splitting your long posts into several pages. In the jump part of the article, you allow learn in 2 steps how to split a post in WordPress using the codex function wp_link_pages() and the tag. In the second bring More Boosting Your WordPress Sites Performance By Enabli ng GZIP Compression Ever heard of GZIP? It is a simple softwargon application that compresses/decompresses files based on an algorithm named DEFLATE.It works by finding similar strings in a text file and replacing them temporarily to make the overall file size smaller which would drastically improve the performance of your website. The algorithm perfectly works with CSS and HTML filetypes which typically Read More Improving Quality of Project Estimation It is clear that estimating a project is important for the project film director to determine how long the project would take, to figure out how much the project would cost, to decide whether the project is worth doing, to bank bill variances a turn inst the baseline plan, and to take corrective actions.However some project managers nowadays tend to put minimum effort Read More Avoiding Common Pitfalls of lofty Performance Project Teams Previously in one of my earlier articles, I discussed the key qualities required for a projec t manager to be effective in building a high performance project team. Believe it or not, though high performance project teams can produce incredible outcomes, in that respect still remain some serious pitfalls that project managers need to be aware of in order not to fall victims Read More experience steering Must-Knows For Project ManagersContract management constitutes a major component of a project procurement system. Most work done nowadays on projects involves dealing with contracts or has a contractual nature. Although some companies have purchasing departments that specialize in procurement, one of the basic knowledge and skills of a project manager is to be able to read and manage contracts. This post basically discusses Read More Understanding And Managing Your Boss The idea of managing your boss may sound quite unusual for some managers, considering the widespread adoption of the traditional top down managementapproach in most governings. Even though talented and vulturine managers nowadays carefully suss out and administer their subordinates, services, and products, they might reveal, on the other hand, a passive stand with their bosses (Gabarro and Kotter 1993). Read More Changes in Project Management Processes Between PMBOK 4 And PMBOK 5 This post presents a tabulated summary of differences in the names, inputs, tools, and outputs of project management processes between PMBOK 4 and PMBOK 5.Note that terms in ablaze(p) which exist in PMBOK 4 have been removed or replaced in PMBOK 5, terms in Blue have been newly added into PMBOK 5, and terms in raw have not Read More Critical Analysis of Porters Five Forces Model Information Technology (IT) Industry In order to appropriately shape their corporate strategies and distinctively compete in the market, organizations are in a need for a framework that would help them in understanding industry organise and in overcoming rivalry. This essay aims at discussing, analyzing, and criticizing Porters Five Forces model using a wide variety of academic literature.The first part introduces the model, discusses Read More Key Qualities For An Effective Project Manager This post describes key qualities needed for an effective project manager. It discusses the differences between leading and managing a project, explains the importance of managing stakeholders, describes how to gain influence by reciprocity, stresses on the significance of leading by example and managing by wandering around (MBWA), explores how to deal with the contradictory nature of work, and finally Read More 12345678910 Home Change Management Change Management symptomatic Models Case Study Jamies Food Revolution Change Management Diagnostic Models Case Study Jamies Food Revolution April 14th, 2012 Leave a comment Go to comments This essay presents three different diagnostic models that serve as a change management guidance for organizations by helping them in considering what factors are important for t his change and how these factors are interrelated together (Nadler and Tushman 1980).The main excogitation of these models is to help in reducing the complexity of the change situation by identifying what change variables require attention by the organization, what sequence of activities to adopt in dealing with the change situation, and how the various organisational properties are interconnected (Ian Palmer 2009). The essay compares and contrasts Burke-Litwin, Six-Box Weisbord, and congruence models, pinpoints their strengths and weaknesses, and then applies one of these models to the case contract Jamies Food Revolution.The first organizational and causal model to be discussed is the Burke-Litwin model. The strength of this model lies on the fact that it consists of twelve key variables, at three different organizational levels (external environment, leadership, strategy, and acculturation at the total system level structure, management practices, systems and climate at the group or work unit level and tasks, motivation, needs, and values at the unmarried level)(Burke and Litwin 1992).The variables on the top have a stronger influence on systems than the bottom variables (Leadersphere 2008). The model is based on an open systems principle whereby it considers the external environment as an input and the organization performance as output with a bidirectional feedback between them (Jackie Alexander Di 2002).What makes this model unique is that it houses almost all of the variables considered in the 7-S, Six-Box Weisbord and congruousness models (Burke and Litwin 1992) and it also stresses on the point that changes can lead to transformational organization-wide (leadership, strategy, and mission) as well as internal transactional (management, structure, system, individual needs, tasks) dynamics which altogether affect individual and organization performance (Jackie Alexander Di 2002).Burke and Jackson (1991) demonstrated the scenario of a successful mer ge between two companies, SmithKline and Beecham, which concentrated on establishing a unique refinement with a loose-tight behavioral leadership, and on adopting a customized Burke-Litwin model to increase its performance. This model however may impose some complexity in its usage.Dana (2004), in her study to apply this model to a quality management system, has limited her research to specific variables for this model because of the big amount of information required to be equanimous on each variable. Also, a quantitative study done by Jackie Alexander Di (2002) on the models variables failed to reveal the hidden communication variable, which shows that this model may not foresee all organizational problems. The second model to be discussed is the one developed by David Nadler and Michael Tushman, the Congruence model.Like the Burke-Litwin model, the pragmatic Congruence model is based on the open systems principle (input environment, transformation, output)(Nadler 1982) and deal s with the organization as a whole dynamic and social system where the place lies in realizing the state of congruence among the various subparts or components of the organization (Nadler and Tushman 1980). The measure of organizational effectiveness depends on the total degree of congruence as a normative approach to ensure fit among these components (Hatton and Raymond 1994).Nevertheless adopting this model is dynamic (should be changed with time) and poses a lot of challenges including the management of political dynamics, the anxiety created by the change, and the control of the transition state (Nadler and Tushman 1989). Additionally, it requires special care to ensure appropriate fit between strategy and environmental conditions, as well as among the four organizational components (work, people, formal structures and process, and informal structures and processes).Burke Litwin (1992) state that the number of items to be matched for congruence is great and the Congruence mode l fails to provide a mechanism for determining which of these items are important and what level of congruence yields desirable results. For further help, several studies have presented major efforts to discuss strategies to attain the maximum congruence. Hatton and Raymond (1994) concluded with several postulates that describe how congruence can be achieved by interrelating together specific dimensions of these key variables (environment, strategy, technology, task, structure, and individual).Also, Nadler and Tushman (1989), in their view of organizations as political systems, posit that there is no general way for dealing with change. They stressed that managers should understand these political dynamics of change by diagnosing the organizations strengths and weaknesses, developing a clear vision, creating energy in spite of appearance teams, and possessing active leadership, thus achieving the congruence between strategy and environmental conditions, as well as among the four or ganizational components.

The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development Essay Example for Free

The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development EssayEuropean Journal of Business and troublewww.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)Vol 4, No.8, 2012 100 and softw are documentation services to accelerate the information and modernization of MSMEs, SMEDAN badly needed to generate acomprehensive understanding and knowledge of the population of MSMEs in the country, their distribution bysectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, services, trade, construction, mining, technology, etc, and their distribution by untaught and urban areas as well as the level of vertical and horizontal linkages within and betweenvarious sectors of industry so as to access the level of industrial integration and the incidence of sub-contracting andits latent in giving a flip to industrial development. The census/survey will also enable SMEDAN to determine and assess the major operating difficulties of MSMEsrelating to some(prenominal) market functions (such as demand-pr icing factors, supply factors, raw materials, technologyinfrastructure, etc) and policy environment as it relates to regulatory, incentive and support regimes.The overall benefits of the census/survey would hinge on the anticipate robust data and information, which SMEDAN wouldemploy as a basis for policy formulation, implementation and intervention, effective developmental planning, vitaladvice on new enthronements, grow and profitable areas, raw materials nestability as well as available technology,available markets, available sources of funds and assistance.The survey exercise is also expected to adequately equip and empower SMEDAN to effectively do the following,inter aliai. Map out effective strategies for revamping and reforming the MSMEs sub-sector through appropriatelyadvising the politics on policy formulation and execution.ii. Recommend the right operators for various incentives and support by government including funding, be itloan, blondness and grants.iii. Offer r elevant advisory services to state governments on how best to support and invigorate MSMEs in their domains bearing their peculiarities and circumstances in mind.iv. bring up viable projects for both local and foreign investors in order to attract foreign investment.v.Identify viable projects with export potentials and also identify and advise on the appropriate foreignmarkets in order to boost foreign exchange earnings.vi. Identify and assess MSMEs critical requirements in the areas of capacity building, skills gap, knowledge,skills and process and liaise with the relevant institutions and agencies of government like the National PovertyEradication Programme (NAPEP), the Centre for Management Development (CMD), the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), etc.vii. Establish a befitting business support center of attention for each state in the federation.viii. Facilitate the promotion and government patronage of quality local products of MSMEs for either localconsumption or expo rt or both. 4.1 A comparative ANALYSIS BETWEEN INDIAS SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES (SSIs) ANDNIGERIAS SMEs The magnitude of voices as well as the impact of SSIs on the economic growth and development of India is spunkyly significant as evidenced by the following figures.The SSIs represent ninety-five percent (95%) of the kernelindustrial units in India, contribute forty-five percent (45%) of the total industrial out correct, score for eighty percent(80%) of all employment in the industrial sector, and contribute thirty-five percent (35%) each of total exports andvalue-added by the entire manufacturing sector respectively in India. Between 1990 and 1991, SSI real growth inIndia recorded between a low of 7.1% in 1993/94 and a high of 11.3% in 1996/97.As a result of freight and focus on SSIs and driven by their all important mapping in the economic development, thegovernment of India had as far back as in 1948 put in place, an effective and efficient industrial policy for developing SSI s such that by the year 2000, India had three (3) million SSIs with a production value of US$110billion, export volume of US$ 10billion and staff strength or employment figure of eighteen (18) million.Eventhough SMEs performance in Nigeria shows that technology and fiscal incentives had made particular positive impact onthe sub-sector given the obvious lapses in implementation modalities as well as the constraining policy andinfrastructural environment, recent estimates have put the contribution of SMEs to total industrial employment in Nigeria at seventy percent (70%) and to total manufacturing output at 10 15 percent. SMEs in Nigeria have beenquite mobile in promoting the use of local raw materials with many of them also engaged in the processing of localinputs into either intermediate or final products especially agro-allied and self-coloured minerals products. Many SMEs havealso successfully adopted imported plant and machinery for local use and then positioning themselves as veritableEuropean Journal of Business and Managementwww.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)Vol 4, No.8, 2012 hundred and one tools for promoting technical expertise and development of indigenous entrepreneurship. The Nigerian SMEs aremostly resource-based and dispersed throughout the country (in urban, suburban and rural areas) and hence have tosome extent, facilitated the opening up of the rural areas, mitigated rural-urban drift, and significantly contributed to poverty alleviation.The following represent a brief comparison between Nigerias SMEs and Indias SSIsi. Definition Nigerias SMEs cover enterprises with total cost of N20million excluding land and total employees of between 10and 300 people Indias SSIs are defined as units in the manufacturing, processing or preservation of goods with investment in plantand machinery not exceeding Rupees 10million ($210,000).The difference here hinges on the fact that India has no provision for medium scale enterprise s their focus is on in that respectal sector thus excluding trading and services.(ii) Credit Dispensation In Nigeria, there are universal banks, development banks, and other special institutions, which provide credit butnot at subsidized rates. In India, there is a multi-agency system for credit flows term loans are provided by term lending institutions andworking peachy is provided by commercial banks.(iii) Funding Arrangements In Nigeria, no lower limit quantum of credits to SMEs is mandatory anymore. In the past, a percentage of totalcredits used to be mandatory for SMEs. However, 10% of banks annual Profit Before Tax (PBT) is mandatory for equity investment in SMEs under the SMIEIS program. In India, 40% of total advances go to the priority sector, and 60% of net bank credit to the priority sector goes toSSIs.(iv) Management of funds invested in SMEs/SSIs In Nigeria, the funds can be managed directly, or through a subsidiary or through a venture capital manager. In India, the credits to SSIs are driven need-based limits on liberal terms with level and profitability as key factorsand not linked to security or collateral.Flexibility is the watchword with each activity assessed on its own merit.(v) Structure of BusinessesIn Nigeria, an SME must be a restrict liability company In India, an SSI could be a limited liability company, or a partnership or a proprietary firm.(vi) Incentives and support to the SME/SSI sector In Nigeria, it is mandatory for banks to set past 10% of their annual profit before tax in support of SMEs. TheBank of Industry (BOI) is expected to provide credits to SMEs but not on haywire lending rates. It is only the NigerianExport Import Bank (NEXIM) that provides soft loans to export oriented SMEs. In India, the incentive and support schemes available to SSIs are much more elucidate and include official generaland organisational support as well as support by other agencies.The nature and levels of key incentives and supportinclude b ut are not limited to the followingFrom the above, one can categorically affirm that the incentives and support given to SSIs by the government of India are quite wholesome and formidable. The package of support and incentives provided by the government of Nigeria can in fact, be said to be insignificant when compared with those of India. It is thus less surprising, thedevelopment gap between the SSIs of India and the Nigerian SME sub-sectors and hence the significant role SSIs are playing in the economic growth and development of India. The continuous reinforcement of incentives and supportEuropean Journal of Business and Managementwww.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)Vol 4, No.8, 2012 102 to SSIs by the government of India underscores the high degree of appreciation of the importance of the SSIsubsector to the future of the Indian economy.In Nigeria, there are relatively few SMEs in the formal sector and many more in the informal sector. TheInternational Lab our Organisation (ILO) has attempted to make some estimates of the contributions made to theeconomy by SMEs, including the informal sector, and believes that they account for over 60 percent of economicactivities and over 35 percent of urban employment4.2 RESEARCH DESIGNThe research design approach adopted in this work is the survey research technique. The survey approach appeared best suited for this work since it is not feasible to interview the entire population. Furthermore, in surveys, there arefixed sets of questions, and responses are systematically classified, so that quantitative comparisons can be made.The sources of primary data were through questionnaires that were administered to the SMEs owner-manager andoral interview held with them. Secondary data were gathered from earlier research work and studies that have beendone.METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS trance descriptive statistical techniques such as frequency distribution and simple percentages were used tocharacterize the re sponses. The use of percentages analysis enables the figures in the research work which were inabsolute terms to be converted to real terms. The statistical tool facilitated the comparism of figures and standardizesdata, thereby reducing the difficulty of comparing non standardized figures. It uses 100 as its base.An in-depth examination of the responses revealed that SMEs involved in manufacturing/ tack together ventures rated scurvy infrastructure as their greatest challenge. Worst among the infrastructural problems facing the SMEs relates toelectrical energy supply, which is rather hydra-headed. In some cases it is nonexistence in which case theentrepreneur has to provide his own energy supply.In other cases it is either epileptic in supply with incessantoutages with the attendant damages to equipment or the voltage supplied is too low as to support the plant andmachinery in use for the respective operation. The increase in production cost emanating from inadequate electric powe r supply to SMEs is said to be enormous. These be relate to loss in output due to down time as a result of power outages, cost of fixing damaged equipment resulting from outages, poor quality of products as a result of bumpy production process, the high cost of fuel to operate own generating plants, costs of maintaining and servicingthese generating sets. Respondents regretted the frustration they encounter day-to-day from power outages adding that the plant and equipment they use, especially the locally fabricated ones, can hardly absorb the shocks they are routinelysubjected to.FINDINGSSMEs have been fully recognized by governments and development experts as the main engine of economic growthand a major factor in promoting private sector development and partnership. The development of the SME sector therefore represents an essential chemical element in the growth strategy of most economies and holds particular significancein the case of Nigeria. SMEs not only contribute signific antly to improved living standards, employment generationand poverty reduction but they also bring about substantial domestic or local capital formation and achieve highlevels of productivity and capability.From a planning standpoint, SMEs are increasingly recognized as the principalmeans for achieving equitable and sustainable industrial diversification, growth and dispersal. In most countries,including the developed countries like Japan, USA, UK, etc, SMEs account for well over half of the total share of employment, sales, value added and hence contribution to GDP.A major gap in Nigerias industrial development process in the past old age has been the absence of a strong and virileSME sub-sector. With over 120 million people, vast productive and arable farmland, rich variety of mineral depositsand other natural resources, Nigeria should have been a haven for SMEs. Unfortunately, SMEs have not played thesignificant and crucial role they are expected to play in Nigerias economic g rowth, development andindustrialization.

Phoenician Society: Seafaring and Maritime Knowledge

Phoenician Society oceangoing and Maritime KnowledgeDiscuss the role of oceanfaring and maritime knowledge inwardly Phoenician society and its expansion.IntroductionAs a people the Phoenicians endured for several(prenominal) three thousand years and were already flourishing by 3,000 B.C. however it was non until about 1100 B.C., with the demise of the existing dominant peoples in the ara, that the Phoenicians came to the fore as a significant force. From this time, until around 600 B.C., they dominated the Mediterranean by trading and establishing colonies bingle of the most important being Carthage. The success of their culture seems mainly to apply been due to the proximity of the Mediterranean that support dependence on soaring and business. Indeed, as Holst1 indicates, international trade formed part of the guiding principles on which the Phoenician civilization was beed that also included a commitment to resilient partnerships, peaceful stoppage of disputes, e ton us, privacy, religious freedom and respect of women. Although the majority of Phoenician trade was initially land based, a significant amount began to take place by sea2 testified by the wealth of tire that, on with Byblos, Sidon, Arados and Simyra, were the main radical-based Phoenician sea ports. Initially, Phoenician sea trade was mainly with the Greeks involving glass, slaves and Tyrian purple dye made from a sea shell called Murex and textiles coloured with much(prenominal) dyes formed one of the main Phoenician exports. Most of the major Mediterranean countries were involved in trade with the Phoenicians that included such commodities as cotton, timber, wool, precious stones, embroidery, wine, corn and various other foodstuff including spices whereas countries as far away as Spain traded metals such as tin, iron and lead.3The Importance of barterTrade and colonisation originally centred on bartering indigenous timber as well as fishing skills, the latter of which is though t to have provided the competence for later on seafaring abilities.4 The far reaching sea trade of the Phoenicians took two forms with existing Phoenician colonies and countries in navig subject reach. The colonies provided a means by which the home solid ground could be assured of supplies of goods deemed essential. In this respect, Cyprus became a colony to ensure the supply of wood and copper, Sardinia and Spain for delectationful metals. In return for such goods, Phoenicia supplied such finished items as cotton and linen, pottery, ornaments, weapons, and glass. It was not, as yet, just with the Mediterranean that trade occurred but also with the Propontis and ports within the Black Sea.5 The dominance of Phoenicians in seafaring has not gone without criticism however as early reports of such supremacy in Homers Odyssey, and also by Herodotus, has been viewed by some modern commentators as erroneous.6 The extent of Phoenician preeminence in this respect seems to have been se ttled by Basss underwater excavations of the Cape Gelidonya wreck that highlights the extent of Phoenician trade.7 The archaeological certainty from this excavation seems therefore to support the dominance of Phoenician seafaring from 1200 B.C. onwards. The recent discovery of two exceptionally large Phoenician merchant ships adds foster center field to this view.8It is probable that the Phoenician maritime empire was preceded by trade with various outposts throughout the Mediterranean or otherwise began as safe anchorage points a pertinacious the coast.9 It was only later that these places became colonies set up to protect Phoenician interests that required ships of war which, unlike merchant vessels were employed all year round,10 to protect two colonies and trade routes. The Phoenician character of many of these ports was lost due to the rise and dominance of other business offices such as the Greeks and Romans that has masked the extent of Phoenician influence. Importantly, trade by sea was linked to specialist product areas that otherwise would not have come together that allowed the Phoenicians to establish a rate of exchange to their advantage.11 theodolite of various metals available in the we staring(a) Mediterranean by sea, such as Spanish silver, thus allowed the Phoenicians to link the demand in the east, from countries like Assyria etc., to the mad material centres of the west. The Phoenicians also took advantage of turning the raw materials transported from the west into quality refined goods to be later exported. These products, because they tended to be more refined and better quality than what most other countries could supply, were therefore much sought after and such goods have been found in western ports such as Carthage.12 Moreover, the position sea route through the Mediterranean provided the best means of direct and efficient transport of materials and products and the extent of this trade along the Mediterranean is confirmed by the particular that Phoenician coins came to be manu pointured in Tyre from the fifth century B.C. onwards.13The Extent of Phoenician Trade LinksIt is thought that the growth in Assyrian power and pressure on the coastal cities first led the Phoenicians to turn to seafaring.14 In this respect, Assyrian power is thought to have blocked access to resources to the east to the extent that the Phoenicians were stimulate to turn west towards the Mediterranean for raw materials.15 opposites, however, contend that it was the growth in Assyrian wealth and power that stimulated Phoenician interest in Mediterranean seafaring because of the increased demands for products.16 This could have likewise been hastened by the economic growth and increased demand of Tyre and other Phoenician ports for raw materials. It is likely, however, that rather than one cistron there was a set of interrelated events involving political, historical, economic criteria that led to the Pheonician exploitation of the Mediterranean. Indeed, Tyre and associated ports were ideally situated to act as a conduit through which the products and resources of the Mediterranean and countries to the east could be exchanged.17 Moreover, a massive investment in time and resources would have been required to mount expeditions throughout the Mediterranean by sea that suggests Tyre was economically and politically secure.The exploits of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean should not be viewed as exploration as most of the main sea routes had been charted during the Bronze Age. Rather the Phoenicians were able to use and improve their maritime skills to become the dominant force in the Mediterranean for six hundred years. Yet, there are reports that they ventured much further overseas which suggest exploration was part of a general outlook. For example, Herodotus reports that they sailed down the Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa returning via the Straits of Gibraltar.18 Some even propose that they may hav e voyaged as far as southern Britain to acquire Cornish tin but this was probably based on indirect rather than direct trade.19 In this respect, reports of a tin ingot discovered in a Cornish harbour similar to those of ancient Crete remain controversial.20 The Veneti of Brittany may also have actually been Phoenicians who controlled the trade route to Britain and were thought to be adept seafarers.The control of trade routes seems to have been a characteristic of Phoenician dominance in that this allowed more exclusive access to resources around and outside the Mediterranean that helped to reinforce Phoenician power. The interest in regions outside the Mediterranean is supported by the notion that some coastal ports such as the present Portuguese port known as Peniche is claimed to derive from the Greek for Phoenicia.21 Moreover, there are many Phoenician stay to be found along the Portuguese coast.22 Such exploits beyond the Mediterranean may have partially been encouraged by the fact that the Greeks had prevented Carthage from gaining access to the home ports.23 Indeed, it may have been the rise in Greek power that led to Carthage becoming such an important city port for the Phoenicians in the central Mediterranean and could have been a factor leading, in the 8th century B.C., to Carthage succeeding Tyre as the main Phoenician city. There is also some point that the Phoenicians may have even reached some of the Atlantic islands such as the Azores and Canaries.24 Ultimately, it was the rise in Greek power in the east, the barrier of the Atlantic in the west and the rise of Rome that bought an end to Phoenician power.25 In sum, the Phoenician influence along the Mediterranean coastline appears to be both a consequence of with child(p) initiative and impressive seafaring skills that was instigated by the promise of trade and pressures from the rise in other Mediterranean powers to the east.Types of BoatsThe initial attempts in seafaring by Phoenicians are t hought to have been quite crude based on prompt between islands by means of rafts followed by more sophisticated but still crude sailing vessels inspired by the need to fish.26 The first boats seemed to have consisted of a keel, a rounded hull and a raised computer prog hammer in for the steersman with the oars intersecting the bulwark.27 This formed a template for a subsequent craft where four upright rowers operated curved oars in a boat that lacked a rudder with a mast held aloft by two ropes secured at the front and rear of the vessel. The mast, however, seems not to have been use for a sail, but to support a cover structure from which an archer or other attacker was able to launch missiles. From this, a larger vessel evolved with a low bow and raised stern with a rudder with a pointed prow and oars on each side of about fifteen to twenty in number that the Greeks referred to as triaconters and penteconters that are represented on coins but were shown without a mast so must h ave been a type of refined rowing boat. Around 700 B.C. further advances occurred in ship construction in that, instead of being situated on one level, rowers were now placed on two levels thus doubling the number of oarsmen. These vessels were known as biremes by the Greeks and incorporated two steering oars issuing from the stern some with a mast and yardarm to support a sail that came in two forms one designed for war, the long ship, and another, with a more rounded prow used for the purpose of trade.28 Inspired by the Greek example, the Phoenicians also went on to develop their own stochastic variable of the trireme with three levels of rowers.29 The size of these vessels can be gauged by the fact that the top level consisted of 31 rowers.30 The Phoenicians have also been credited with inventing both the keel and ram as well as the caulking of planks with bitumen though some believe that the ram or beaked prow is said to have been adopted by the Phoenicians from the Mycenaean s It was the use of an adjustable sail, more oarsmen and a double steering oar that led to increased speed and manoeuvrability allowing the furthest points of the Mediterranean to be reached and it was the round-shaped merchant ships called gaulos that was mainly relied on in this respect.31 Such innovations to ship construction illustrate the commitment of the Phoenicians to seafaring and their seafaring skills were so renowned throughout the ancient world that Phoenician ships and sailors were very much co-opted into foreign war fleets.32NavigationThe Phoenicians are thought to have invented the art of navigation. They used oars when there was little or no wind and large unbowed sails at other times. Although they on the face of it practiced coastal navigation, the distribution of ports indicates that more long distance open sea voyages were also undertaken.33 The fact that the Phoenicians had important centres at Sardinia, Sicily and Ibiza suggests that they often sailed the h igh seas. This would have involved extended periods at sea essential for the effective transportation of goods. They would probably, however, have employed short coastal journeys to travel from one port to the next but relied on deep sea navigation for seven-day voyages34 and in places like the Aegean, with the many islands and dangerous currents, oars would have been used rather than sails. It is thought that the Phoenicians were also able to sail at night and used the Pole star and knowledge of astronomy for navigation. This knowledge along with the fact that, given favourable viewing conditions, land is nearly always visible anywhere in the Mediterranean -allowed the Phoenicians to use their seafaring skills to good effect.ConclusionThe Phoenicians obviously depended on seafaring skills in order to extend trade links and their influence throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. This seems to have gone mass in hand with a need to develop more sea worthy vessels and navigational abilities to venture further into the open seas. Evidence from historical documents, such as found in Herodotus and others, indicate the extent of Phoenician maritime skills that evolved in tandem with the foundation of ever distant colonies and trading outposts. These skills seem to have been further encouraged by the advantages that came from the home ports being located where raw material from the west, which were in demand by countries in the Levant, could be traded for finished products. The Phoenicians were able to exploit this further by producing high quality manufactured goods that were exported to all areas thus increasing their economic power and wealth that allowed more sophisticated ships to be built for longer voyages. This tendency is reflected in the progressive growth in Phoenician influence and colonisation from east to west from about 12,000 B.C. onwards. Trade went first, however, with colonisation following when the fortune arose. Ultimately, however, Phoenicia n influence may have declined in the Mediterranean due to an over-reliance on seafaring that was unable to compete with more land based powers. In other words, their greatest strength eventually became their greatest weakness.BibliographyAubert, M. E. (2001) The Phoenicians and the West Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge University Press Cambridge.Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) Preface in, The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge University Press Cambridge.Basch, L. (1969) Phoenician Oared Ships. The Mariners Mirror. 55, pp. 139-162.Barnett, R.D. (1958) Early Shipping in the Near East. Antiquity 32 (128) pp. 220-230.Bass, G. F. (1972) A History of Seafaring based on Under-water Archaeology. Walker companionship London.Boucher-Colozier, E. 1953. Cahiers de Byrsa III, 11.Casson, L. (1971) Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press Princeton.Cu lican, W. (1991) Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization. In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries. B.C. J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. (Cambridge University Press Cambridge) pp. 461-545.de Slincourt, A. (1959) The Histories (Herodotus). Penguin Harmonsworth.Diodorus Siculus. (1935) Library of History. C. H. Loeb classical music Library. Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA.Frankenstein, S. 1979 The Phoenicians in the Far West a function of Neo-Assyrian imperialism. In, Power and Propoganda. A Symposium on Ancient Empires. M. T. Larsen, editor. (Akademisk Forlag Copenhagen) pp. 263-294.Guthrie, J. 1970. Bizzare Ships of the Nineteenth Century. Hutchinson London.Grayson, A. K. (1991) Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) Assyrian Civilization. In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. J. Boardm an, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. pp. 194-228.Greenberg, M. (1997) Ezekiel 21-37 A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible, Vol 22A. Doubleday New York.Harden, D. (1948) The Phoenician on the West border of Africa. Antiquity. 22 p. 147.Harden, D. (1962) The Phoenicians. Thames and Hudson London.Harrison, R. J. (1988) Spain at the Dawn of History Iberian, Phoenicians and Greeks. Thames and Hudson London.Hencken, ONeil. H. (1932) The Archaeology of Cornwall and Scilly. Methuen London.Hill, G. F. (1910) Greek Coins of Phoenicia. British Museum.Holst, S. (2005) Phoenicians Lebanons Epic Heritage. Cambridge and Boston Press Los Angeles.Moscati, S. and Grassi, P. (2001) The Phoenicians. I.B. Tauris London.Perrot G. and Chipiez, C. (1893) Histoire de lArt dans lAntiquit. Hachette Paris.Rawlinson, G. (2004) History of Phoenicia. KessingerMontanaTilley, A. (2004) Seafaring on the Ancient Mediterranean. BAR Internatio nal Series. 1268. Archaeopress/J. and E. Hedges Oxford.1Footnotes1 Holst, 20052 See, for example, Judgement of Ezekiel 26-1 Judgement on Tyre in Greenberg, 19973 Perrot and Chipiez, 18934 Culican, 19915 Tilley 2004 p. 766 Tilley, 2004 p. 777 Bass, 19728 Tilley, 2004 p. 789 Harden, 1962 p. 158.10 Moscati and Grassi, 2001 p.85.11 Harrison 1988 p. 4212 See, for example, Boucher-Colozier, 195313 Hill, 191014 Frankenstein, 197915 Aubert, 2001 p. 7016 Culican 1991 p. 48617 Harrison, 198818 see de Slincourt, 195919 Harden, 1962 p. 17120 Hencken, 1932.21 Guthrie, 1970 p. 10322 Tilley, 2004 p. 8023 Harden, 1962 p.17124 See, for example, Diodorus Siculus 1935 v. 20 Harden, 194825 Boardman et al. 1991 p. xvi.26 Rawlinson, 2004 p. 122.27 Ibid.28 Perrot and Chipiez, 1893 p. 3429 Basch, 196930 Casson, 1971 p. 9531 Barnett, 195832 Grayson,1991 p. 22033 Aubert, 2001 p. 16734 Moscati and Grassi (2001) p. 84

Studying Industrial Engineering and Management | Reflection

Studying Industrial Engineering and Management ReflectionDuring the past quartet categorys, I studied industrial design with specialization in electronics at Ostend. The emphasis of my studies was belowstanding the fundamental electronic principles that govern modern day electronics. But I besides learned to the highest degree separate diverse reports such as safety, economic science, and industrial management. I anchor the last topic, industrial management, to be very interesting and exciting, beca exercise one of my c beer aspirations is to burgeon forth part in the senior management of an industrial company.To further my c arer aspiriations of becoming part of a senior management team, I neediness to obtain a Masters Degree in Industrial Management. Having this intimacy go forth completelyow me to break off infrastand management principles. With all the uncertainty and changes in with world, political, economic, and technical, I gestate that management must sa ve a solid understanding, supported by a strong pedantic root word, of how to guide companies through these challenging times.No pedagogics is complete without experience. Armed with a solid understanding of academic principles, I can begin my career where I leave alone add to my experience. Because I volition be comfortably versed in the theory, I provide be able to adapt and modify the theoreticalal constructs as required in edict to meet my companys needs. I fully recognize that our political, economic, and technological environments are constantly changing, and thus management needs to be able to adapt quickly and accurately to the new conditions if the company is to survive, let alone prosper. I believe obtaining a Masters Degree abide out provide the necessary background for me to be to sojourn and react to ever-changing environments.I hold completed my four year Bachelor of Technology program at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. I drop in July 1998 wi th a degree in Mechanical Engineering. Many of my courses and enquiry activities in the final year were in the field of Industrial Engineering and trading operations Research with a strong focus on production and operations management. I am presently running(a) in Tata Technologies India Ltd., an information technology household that is involved in the areas of enterprise integration and CAD/CAM. I am applying for admission and financial aid to the Ph.D. program in Operations Management at the Krannert ammonium alum School of Management, Purdue University. Detailed information about my academic record and my research and other experience is attached to this statement.I was introduced to mathematics and the physical sciences magic spell at school and it was in high school that I considered a career in this area. The desire to study the employ physical sciences and mathematics prompted me to take the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) for admission to the Indian Institutes of Tech nology. I was ranked in the top 0.25 % of the nearly 1,00,000 students who took the examination.My under graduate education at IIT Bombay has not solo given me a certain set of skills but has also helped me understand my fields of interest and my academic strengths and weaknesses. This understanding has made me realize that though the applied physical sciences appeal to me, my strengths lie in applied mathematics and in abstractions of reality. In particular, I am kindle in the managerial aspects of industrial and technological systems. This interest developed during my junior year seminar titled Productivity Management in which I explored the relationship in the midst of manufacturing strategy and productivity improvement. I continue further research in this area through my senior year project titled Decision Support System for Quality Control which seek to investigate various decision making mechanisms in the quality function and provide corresponding electronic computer supp ort. The project also enabled me to appreciate the fundamental interaction between manufacturing and the other functions of the firm particularly information systems. The reading of certain outstanding books during the course of my research such as Skinners Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy, Demings Out of the Crisis and Goldratts The remainder finally convinced me to pursue a Ph.D. in operations management and an academic career thereafter.My past work in the area of industrial engineer and operations research was characterised by a dichotomy of approaches. The courses that I took in this area dealt with various operational and tactical issues. The basic aim was to understand a specific problem, model the problem appropriately and find an optimum or reasonably optimal solution using the techniques of operations research. This has given me a advanced background in issues related to to methodology, modelling, and heuristic solutions. On the other hand, my research has been oriented towards strategic issues. The basic thrust of my junior year seminar and senior year project has been integrative. Through my coming(prenominal) research efforts I would want to understand this dichotomy better. Initially, I want to study rigorous model-based methods and do research on operational and tactical topics. After get aheading a thorough grounding in these topics, I am concerned in applying the same methodologies and techniques to strategic topics in operations management.I believe that I have the qualities to be a good police detective and teacher. I am a germinal person and often infer in a contemplative counseling about various issues of practical importance. Being able to identify patterns and relationships that are not obvious to others is perhaps my greatest strength. This will prove very valuable because an integral part of being a researcher and teacher is to perceive the balance between theory and practice, analytic rigor and intuition. My communi cation skills are good and I like expressing thought processs and concepts both in oral and written form an ideal platform for the dissemination of knowledge in my chosen field of specialization.The Krannert Graduate School of Management is one of the lift out schools of management in the world with a strong orientation towards research. The change of research interests in the operations management group is of particular interest to me. The eminent faculty and the individualized nature of the doctoral program will emphatically bring out the best in me. I would like to reiterate that I possess the background, the ability and the motivation to make a significant percentage to Operations Management. I hope you will take a favorable decision regarding my admission to the Ph.D. program and I get wind forward to joining the Krannert Graduate School of Management and Purdue University.==============Like most young kids in computer science, my first interest was in computer graphics. I remember my interest in graphics led me to build a single player Tic-Tac-Toe game with some nice graphics and show it off to my friends. However, I before vast realized that my Tic-Tac-Toe is actually quite stupid and almost always lost to my friends. I started working on it and made it more intelligent so that it never loses to anyone, and wins most of the times. I didnt realize that I was working on Artificial Intelligence at that time, but thats how my interest in AI started growing. Since wherefore my exposures, associations with clubs, readings, and undergraduate work all have served to push me into deciding to study, research, teach and discover different aspects of AI, particularly those that connect computer science with robotics, and logic-based planning under incomplete knowledge. I am now completely taken in by the challenge of solving complex problems, and making generalizations and relationships that concern writing programs which will make machines think, analyz e and learn. AI excites me also because its becoming a potpourri of all kinds of knowledges. Apart from AI I have also developed a keen interest on Bioinformatics through my undergraduate research work during the last few months. Bioinformatics is an area I didnt know much about. However, since I started my research on sequence analysis, I have got more and more interested on this area, particularly on processes by which a genes information can be converted into the functions of a cell.Life outside classes has been quite exciting for me and I am really enjoying my research work under Dr. Gurpur M. Prabhu. I am currently working on a project on sequence analysis of DNA and then predict functions of the imparting protein. The idea we are working on is to use Conways Look and Say Sequence and incorporate some of its properties in the DNA sequence. The first obvious difference between the two is that Conways sequence contains primarily tether characters (1, 2, 3), whereas there are f our characters (A, T, C, G) to deal with in the DNA sequence. I first tried to see whether its possible to generate characters other than those three, for example 0 or 4. I proved that its not possible for any other character to appear in the successors of the original suck, unless it was present in the original string itself. Another interesting property of the Conways Sequence is its 92 audioactive elements, just like elements in the normal periodic table and the concept of compound that can be formed using these elements. I am currently working on a program which tests and verifies the similarity of the properties of these elements with the real world elements. Recently I found that though the compound MgCl cannot exist in the real world (only MgCl2 exists), this compound can be formed using Conways elements.I am currently also working on a semester long research project for an AI course on growing artificial intelligence for the game Othello, also cognise as Reversi. I am par ticularly focusing on the evaluation function and the search techniques. I also discovered that the mobility of the opponent is crucial to the strategy. The idea is to make a move that will restrict the possible moves of the opponent. I am using alpha beta search for this problem. I discovered that finding the better move towards the beginning cuts off many moves and thus makes it faster. Currently I am working on this algorithm to order the moves so that the better moves come first. I also plan to make it learn inductively in the next step.Another project I recently started under Dr. Prabhu is on a concept called negative-language. At times it is easier to define something by saying what its not than what it is. One such example is justice its easier to say what justice isnt than what it is. I am using Disjunctive logic programming to work on this problem using DLVk Java Wrapper. Often its easier to decide whether a particular solution is optimal or not, than to find the optimal s olution. Our goal is to solve this kind of problems effectively.Now I am also closing in on a still another watershed decision in my life of studying higher and deeper into the area of computer science and get into research in fields like AI, or Bioinformatics. Under the Ph.D. program I will get enough mount to translate my thinking and ideas to reality by application to the real problem. This will build up my self-confidence if I am prospered. Otherwise, if I fail in a particular application I will get scope to find the reasons and modify it in the next step. Actually, Im looking forward to an in-depth and challenging hands-on experience in my Ph.D. career. Being on a Ph.D. program will also provide me the prospect to attend conferences and symposium on my chosen area and I will be able to listen to the adepts in the area as well as have interactions with them. This will certainly enable me to enrich my knowledge and keep myself updated on the recent developments. Moreover, I believe that the Ph.D. program will help me to enhance my independent thinking and analysis of a problem. This will be of much importance to me in the next career step, when I purport to take up my own problem and build up own group.I believe, doing my Ph.D. in University of California, Santa Barbara will expose me to a deeper area of my chosen topic and will provide me a much optimized environment to expand my knowledge on the subject through associations and interactions with my supervisor and other faculty experts in the department. My reasons of choosing University of California, Santa Barbara are three. First, this university offers a wonderful Ph.D. program in Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence two, it has an acclaimed network of closely working labs that engage in lots of sponsored research Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence. On my own, I am interested in doing something in areas like Active Logic, Metacognitive Computation, Simple Hierarchical Ordered Plann ing, and Sequence Analysis of DNA and all of these are very much there in University of California, Santa Barbara in some variant or other. And third, most all important(predicate)ly, presence of professors like Dr. Ambuj Singh, Dr. Tobias Hollerer, Dr. Terrence Smith, and Dr. Matthew Turk who have been passionately working in the field of Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence also influenced me a lot. The presence of these factors led to University of California, Santa Barbara being my preferred choice. If I do my Ph.D. from University of California, Santa Barbara, I will have the opportunity of interacting with them, and who knows, of even working with them on a path breaking idea.==========When introduced to economics in high school I realized that it interestingly qualified as a subject of both Arts and Science. It was an area defined by precise rules, principles and axioms and yet there was tremendous scope for self-expression in the form of definition and analysis. This facet of economics intrigued me very much and I decided to pursue further studies in economicals.During my Masters program I equipped myself as best as I could, with various tools used in economic analysis. I obtained rigorous training in mathematics, econometrics and game theory. After completing the Masters program, I joined National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, as I was very eager to see how one might use economics to turnout real life problems, where simplified models, and assuming away of problems may offer no respite. I did some very interesting work here, which is described in my resume. I want to delve deeper into the subject to be able to carry out independent research and analysis, hence my decision to join the Ph.D. program at UCLA. multinational Economics is an area I would really like to explore. I am spellbound by game theoretic modeling of issues pertaining to International Economics. I believe that game theoretic models can be effectively used in inter national economics as many policy issues such as negotiations over mutual reductions in tariffs, formation and preservation of customs unions, establishment of cartels in the case of internationally traded goods, all have some game theoretic character.The current Regionalism versus Multilateralism debate holds its own attraction. It should be interesting to analyze the trade di translation effects of Preferential Trading Agreements and also their impact on three-way institutions like GATT. The strategic trading that takes place in foreign exchange markets and the variety of auction like mechanisms that have been used for foreign exchange trade, especially in developing countries, are intriguing.During my graduate studies I aim to equip myself with some advanced tools and develop my analytical and research capabilities. I want to get an excellent command over econometrics to be able to confront stochastic statistical data with exact models of economic theories and also for empirical verification of other models, which might otherwise be set in a partial equilibrium framework. I expect to emerge as an economic engineer and an expert in model building.Econometrics per se, also interests me as a subject of economics and I might like to research in econometric methodology. I want to be an academic economist. I have cleared the National Eligibility test conducted by the University Grants Commission of India, which makes me eligible to teach an undergraduate course in economics in any Indian university.I want to study at UCLA, as it emphasizes on the rigor and analytical tools that are necessary for academic research. I have well-developed analytical and mathematical skills and I want to exploit these skills to the greatest extent. I feel the help and guidance that can be provided to me by the august faculty of your university will be priceless. I am sure if I am given the opportunity to study at your university that attracts some of the best students from all over the world, it will provide an environment competitive enough to bring out the best in me.===============wish to become an accomplished academic researcher in the field of strategic management and I am convinced that the XXXX School ofBusiness is the best context for me to pursue studies at the doctoral level. My professors have all encouraged me to continue my studies ofmanagement and I am confident that I will be successful in this quest. Several of my professors as well as colleagues have suggested thatXXXX might be a great location for me to pursue my doctoral work. My business experience is a prominent factor in my qualificationssince I have worked as a consultant at one of Koreas make iting strategy-consulting firms. I am most pleased with the way that I have beenable to help my clients organizations perform better. And I have also been engaged in research for several yearsThroughout my Masters program at XXXX University, I struggled to refine my analytical skills and researc h capabilities concerningstrategic management, organization, and international business, resting on a solid foundation of statistics and methodology. My most relevantacademic experience in research has been assisting prof XXXX in writing a report on XXXXs core competence. This experience hashelped me to better understand that research is what means most to me in my professional life. Writing my masters thesis was also a mostimportant eruditeness experience preparing me for doctoral study. The thesis investigated factors influencing founder-CEO replacements inventure companies and in Korean entrepreneurial firms. Drawing on three different perspectives, namely the organizational life cycle,founder-CEO characteristics, and founder-CEOs power, I developed a conceptual framework and store data from DART, theelectronic disclosure system of the Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) the Company Data XXXX, and KINDS, the database of the KoreaPress Foundation. This was the first study of thi s kind to be conducted in Korea, since it dealt with event-history analysis performed usingSTATA. This study is now under second review at the Korean Management Review and I am presenting an updated English version at thefifth Asia Academy of Management (AAoM) this December. I profoundly enjoyed all phases of the research process, especially developinghypothesis, the collection of data, and running statistical analyses-as well as drawing conclusions. I am especially enamored with thediscussion of critical issues in management with professors and colleagues. My thesis resulted in a study now under second review at theKorean Management Review, indisputably the top management journal in Korea, and I am presenting an updated English version at the 5thAsia Academy of Management (AAoM) meeting this December. I am very pleased that my academic research has been appreciated byrenowned researchers in the field.I look forward to learning a great deal more about corporate governance in the Ph. D. program at the XXXX School of Business, especiallytopics related to CEOs and top management teams. Building on my previous research, I want to continue to study the consequences offounder-CEO replacement, and how entrenched CEOs influence a firms performance. I am interested in the management of innovation andtechnology and would like to investigate how different technology acquisition strategies, including networks, lead to innovation and, in turn,to competitive advantage in the high-tech industry. I am also fascinated by the knowledge management strategy of multinationalcorporations, the field of expertise of my thesis advisor professor XXXX.The first academic research I engaged in was a project commissioned by the XXXX Bank. As a Senior at XXXX University, Professor XXXX asked me to assist him with his investigation of the reasons behind a recent surge of Korean patents in the US. My accountabilitywas to write a case study on the Korean semiconductor industry, which played a central role in increased patents. I wrote a qualitative casein English along with four other graduate students and learned invaluable teamwork skills. This study was published in 2003 as a researchreport What is Behind the Surge in Korean Patenting? by the XXXX Bank. I also assisted Professor XXXX with his study of XXXXscore competence from multiple perspectives. Through collaboration with the XXXX Economic Research Institute (XERI), I wasresponsible for conducting literature reviews on various topics including but not limited to core competence, synergy, corporategovernance, diversification, and organizational learning and I presented my findings at weekly meetings. The result of this research XXXXWay The Great Transformation of XXXX since the 1990s was published as a research report in 2004.I am presently working as a research assistant at the Graduate School of Business Administration at XXXX University. I am assistingProfessor XXXX with his research on the knowledge management strategy of multinational corporations, which is a collaborative workwith Professor XXXX of XXXX. This research examines the internationalization process of RD activities of US, European, and Asiancompanies from an evolutionary perspective. My main responsibility is to conduct research on each companys internationalization processaccording to functional areas and collect quantitative data ready for analysis. During this process, I am learning how to manage a jointresearch project and gaining familiarity with Japanese databases such as XXXX, XXXX, and XXXX.I feel strongly that my studies, coupled with my research experience, have provided me with a diverse set of knowledge and skills thatmake me an excellent candidate for doctoral study in this field. My enthusiasm and good cheer, coupled with sound fundamentals inmanagement theory will provide me with the driving force that I will need to be a successful life-long researcher.I am fascinated by the management of innovation and techn ology. On the one hand, I am interested in how different technology acquisitionstrategies, such as alliances, acquisitions, and networks, lead to innovation and, in turn, to competitive advantage. And I am deeply intriguedby the characteristics and influence of network effects of internet-based industries, especially online game companies and the socialnetwork operate (SNS) providers. I also wish to become more in tune with the knowledge management strategy of multinational companiesI have discovered that my academic interests fit especially well with the research interests of outstanding faculty members in the area ofmanagement and organization at the XXXX School of Business. I especially harbor XXXXs emphasis of the importance of and support forteaching excellence. As someone who very much wants to become a professor, I think that being an effective educator is as important asbeing an important researcher. I am attracted by the fact that XXXXs undergraduate program provides an opportunity for many graduatestudents to gain invaluable teaching experience. I also admire XXXXs supportive environment for research. At XXXX, I am confident thatI will develop invaluable research and teaching skills while having the privilege to interact with attentive professors and intellectually-giftedcolleagues.I hope to teach at a school of business in the linked States, where I plan to struggle to add my name to the long list of distinguishedscholars that have come from your program. I sincerely believe that the Ph.D. program at the XXXX School of Business is the best matchfor my strong motivation. I have no doubt that I have made the right choice to perish five years at XXXX as a Ph.D. student. I have foundthat my academic interests fit well with the research areas of the outstanding faculty and resources of XXXX, including the relate forGlobal Business and the Center for Human Capital, Technology, and Innovation. I value XXXXs support for interdisciplinary learning. Iwo uld like to use this opportunity to advance my understandings in a variety of specific areas in the field of management, and gain expertiseknowledge in economics which I believe will be of foundational importance for my future study. Finally, and of primary importance, Iadmire XXXXs dynamic support for research. I strongly believe that one of the most important elements in pursuing a successfulacademic career is to have a good mentor who can closely guide you academically, and in person, as well.I am confident that I will develop invaluable research and teaching skills while interacting with attentive professors and intellectually-giftedcolleagues. After graduation, I will seek an academic career at a leading American business school. I would like to see myself publishing attop journals and winning teaching awards for teaching excellence and, in the long run, I hope to positively add to the reputation of XXXXby adding my name to its long list of prominent scholars. I want to thank y ou for consideration of this application.============= of all time since I was a child I have been concerned with poverty, not my own poverty, but that of others, especially in Third World ordeveloping countries. This concern led me to develop a profound fascination with the study of economics, the inequality betweendeveloped and developing countries, in particular, and a search for creative directions in which to foster economic development on aninternational level. Now, I very much want to push ahead with this interest, studying towards a graduate degree in economics. I havechosen to apply to XXXX University for several reasons, especially the renown of the faculty for exploring questions of economicdevelopment in creative ways. I am also especially attracted to the highly international character of this university, along with itscosmopolitan location near the heart of Los Angeles.I have long been interested in international economics and international relations because my life ha s been always affected by them. While injunior high school, I had a chance to visit North Korea for three months for a music/performing arts exchange. Although I stayed in PyongYang, the capital of North Korea, I witnessed great poverty-many local anaesthetic race wearing ragged clothes, and very thin malnourishedchildren searching for food in the streets. All information was totally controlled by the government and people do not have economic andpolitical freedom. I was so shocked by the disparity in North Korea and by the large facing pages between the living conditions in Japan.During my freshman year in university in Japan, I participated in a two-week summer school program at XXXX University in Thailand.Although the political and economic structure of Thailand is more open to the rest of the world than North Korea, economy has notdeveloped as other Asian countries such as Japan, China and South Korea. While visiting a HOYA factory, which is one of the majorfirms for the lens es, I learned that such factories had recently greatly expanded by developed countries through the exploitation of thirdworld countries. It is time for us to reconsider our economic system and renovate the alternative methods of economic development.While in undergraduate, I had a great opportunity to present my research on sex trafficking at the annual spring symposium. A greatnumber of women in the third world countries are engaged in human trafficking (human trading) and sex industry as their ultimate meansto survive and protect their families. Due to the otiose national economic policy and international economic regulations established on behalf of the developed countries, poverty issue has not been alleviated. As economic discrepancy gets big among the nations, it aggravates the international tensions and it would finally trigger international conflicts. The more I recognize the severity of problemsconfronted by our global society, the more strongly I believe the way to avoid conflict and improve economic conditions is to act from aprofessional point of viewAfter obtaining a masters degree in Economics, I strongly hope to work in the sphere of economic affairs concerning internationaleconomic development. For such a future career, my working experiences play an important role in understanding professionalism. In2003, I was volunteering for the non-profit organization called People for the Advanced Cambodian Education (PACE) and sinceSeptember 2005, I worked as a computer lab assistant at XXXX University. After graduating from XXXX University, I started to workfor the XXXX Company as a full-time sales associate. The company is one of the imported oriental food and supplies distributors in theUnited States. Through this job, I truly realized that local business significantly affects the international business and such economicinteraction has fundamental influence to the international economy. Moreover, through all my professional experiences, I learned h ow tocope with problems efficiently with professional manners and how to establish relationships with co-workers as a team. I also acquiredleadership skills that I would be required in a real society. Though career opportunities may place me in a variety of professional positions,my final goal is to work at the United Nations. What I expect to learn from graduate school is to obtain academic foundation required forsuch a career and find a way to apply methods to the real world. This is the incentives that stimulate me to pursue further studying and themotives for my choice of University of XXXX. Economic Developmental Programming at XXXX is a very rare MA degree on the westcoast and it suits my needs and professional goals. Since I have taken only a few lectures relevant to the quantitative economics, it issignificantly important for me to take mathematical methods in economics as well as economic development in order to apply them to thepractical problems of developing countries. I truly believe that a graduate degree in International Relations from XXXX, combined with myown interests and experiences, will provide ample chances for accomplishing my professional goals

Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Transnational Corporations Economics Essay

Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Transnational Corporations Economics EssayTrans National Corporations (TNCs) are companies which operate in at least 2 countries. Its brass section is actually hierarchical with the headquarters as well as research using a great deal located in the m other(a) acres. Production centers cardinald to be host countries. When organization becomes to a greater extent worldwide regional headquarters and regional research development will widen in the manufacturing countries.This gives TNCs many advantages, such as right of entry to the global market, cheap labor, low production costs, consequently greater profits. The headquarters of these remains in its mother country, usually one of the or so developed countries in the world, like USA UK. Their registered factories through surface the world, which either make parts or entire finished goods for the company to sell on the global market.Among all the TNCs in the world, Most of them are oil colour companies such as Exxon (Esso) BP, car manufacturing companies (for instance Toyota, Ford, Nissan and Volkswagen). Other familiar companies like Sony, IBM and Coca-Cola are besides defined as being TNCs.Trance National Corporations are established globally for their advantages, to earn more profits. They bear with them both positive and negative stirs for the country that plays host to them.Top 10 TNCs in 2009TNCs manufacturing amply-techScientific instructions, pharmaceuticals microelectronics, (Mitsubishi, Sony, Glaxo- Smithkleine)Large volume consumer goodsTyres, Motor vehicles, televisions other electronic products (Toyota, Daimler, Ford, Volkswagen, General Motors)3) Mass produced consumer goods cigarettes, beverages, breakfast cereals, cosmetics brand goods (Mars, Uniliever, Nestle, Kraft foods)4) ServiceBanking/ insurance, freight transpose, advertising, hotel chains and fast food outlets (IN group, AXA, citigroup, HSBC, Allianz, Dexia)TNCs organize manage e conomic activities in different regions develop trade inside mingled with units of the similar corporation in different regions. It means they prat often control the terms of trade and dismiss diminish the effect of quota boundaries on the operation of products, go around trade taxs.Advantages to TNCsTNCs cast the ability to take advantage of spatial differences in factors of production.They can utilize differences in the accessibility of labor, capital, and building or land costs.e.g.2002 Dyson moved its production from a nominate in Malmesbury, Wiltshire to Malayasia to take advantage of cheap labor. Dyson did retain several hundred jobs in Wiltshire for RD saving of 30% in production costs0They can locate to take advantage of government policies such as lower taxes, subsidies and grants and less strict legislation on workout and pollution.They can get round trade barriers by locating production within the market where they want to sell. E.g. Nissan in Sunderland, Toyota in Derby.Japanese car firms have been attracted to locations in the EU because of quota restrictions on the entailment of Japanese made vehicles into European manufacturers and gain entry to the European marketWhat are NICs?Country that has within fresh decades experienced a get through into rapid productivity emergence, rapid export oriented economic crop, quick industrialization farther a high amount of investment and assets formation largely funded from local savings, and a high tendency to export, with end user durables and machinery accounting for a large deal of exports.Superior examples are South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. These countries invest capital and production facilities in other developing countries like China, Vietnam, India, and some countries in South East Asia. deep down 20th century lots of East Asia countries were industrialized such as South Koria, Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Japan.These states are called as Newly Industri alized Countries or (NICs). They are also sometimes referred to as Tiger Economies because of the growth rate of these counties.The governments of NICs controlled over industrial development motivated industries to export manufactured products to abrade such as more developed states.The exports profits were re-invested in the local saving. Local businesses did grow wages rose workers did spend their new assets to buy domestic goods and services thus propel further growth.This type of rotation or knock-on effect, in which money paid out by businesses is reinvested inside the country, is often called the multiplier effect.NICs have been being succeeded for the stretch out 30 years. That successfulness of these economies has contributed to the turn down of manufacturing industries in MEDCs like UK. Industries struggled to compete with the NICs competition, because their production cost and wages were very low.Characteristics of NICsCountries whorled market exporter share is increa sing, they often copying existing products then reproducing for a much low price.Continues growth in the production sector that results for more exports continues increasing of GDP.Generally NICs Can be developed by three stagers, thats traditional society to a developed country society. Three stagers are explained below. The time frame of whole process can be minimum 30 years.Traditional societyThere are more labors work under the manufacture, its labor oriented. Concentrating on small cottage-style traditional industries, heavy on local raw materials. Instance could include food processing, textile manufactureMost of the time, lots of people are still work in the primary sector, doing things include farming.Using primary technologies most of the people have less money.Import the products what they want, that indicate county is not producing what they actually needed addicted to import products.Import substitution industriesThe country does upraise its own industries.Newly s tarted companies imitate products from well known market giants and then produce them for low price.The government operates tariff barrios for the products are being imported trades that make similar products. The purpose of that is protecting their own domestic companies whilst they grow.Instance industries are computer manufacture, car manufacture, electronic goods and other electrical goods, like hi-fis.Export orientated industriesThe new companies established in their own country they are unleashed upon the global market.Industries are being capital intensive, employ high technology aimed at earning a big profit.The gross domestic product (GDP) of the country starts to increase, mostly growing at well over 5% per year which is a wonderful rate.Now the country has been being an NIC.How do TNCs affect to the NICs parsimoniousness their milieu?InvestmentAdvantages The companies earn, invest, bring foreign currency into the country. though most of their earnings come back to the companys country of host, all the remunerations do come to the local economyDisadvantages The salaries paid to host country workers are very low and a lot of companies have been accused of exploiting the workforce before benefiting it. There are often tax incentives for these TNCs to locate in countries in the make water World. Due to the fact that they get lots of their profits out of the country that says the real economic benefit to the country could be limited.TechnologyAdvantages TNCs help the development of the NICs by bringing in latest technology and new knowledge that the host country doesnt use.Disadvantages Unless the company actively participates in a program to organise local companies in the new technologies, the countrys industry will not really benefit. TNCs are not going to share too much information. If the local industry competition will increase because of new knowledge TNCs have to compete even with the local companies.TransportAdvantages The new TNCs mos tly help to develop transport links around the company area.Disadvantages Mostly serve altogether the direct roads, rails that needs of the company, not the surrounding area as well.EmploymentAdvantages They create jobs opportunities for the NICs domestic employees.Disadvantages Most of the jobs opportunities are highly skilled so the company uses their own people to do the work. Because of the technological environment of these companies. Remain less jobs opportunities. urbanization-launching a TNC in a city in NIC does encourage urbanization. Young migrant workers gather to the city. It influence to the rural communities their developmentEnvironment/SafetyAdvantages Companies bring with them the environmental friendly technologies expertise to decrees harmful pollution establish a safe working environment.Disadvantages a lot of TNCs have very bad report on pollution and worker safety. They have been complained of trying to cut both safety of working environment and environme ntal pollution in order to keep an eye on costs down..Overall impact to the Economic growthDevelopment of NICs can be potentially promoted by international corporations through their activities that generate economic growth. somewhat evidence exists that the foreign exchange and foreign direct investment that TNCs provide can improve the performance of the economy of the NICs which they operate in. The process of economic growth is impacted by the TNCs through influencing the quality and amount of new capital formation, transfer of soft and hard technology, expansion of trade opportunities and the development of human resources. still, such(prenominal) as Province of China, Taiwan, and South Korea demonstrate, that under some conditions economic growth can foster social development. For example in Taiwan, enormous growth of economy has been combined with increased educational levels, longer life spans, improved health conditions, advanced housing conditions, political liberalizati on and enhanced civil liberties.Theoretically TNCs can uplift the development of the NICs society by fostering economic growth practically this relationship exists for two reasons. Mainly, in the host countries it is not clear whether transnational corporations are really responsible for the growth of economy. In the most recent two notable cases related to economic transformation, Taiwan and South Korea, a minimal role was played by transnational corporations. Further, TNCs actually have the ability to prevent NICs local economic growth by running local entrepreneurs out of the business zone, along with the importing of main goods and services, reducing large amounts of the profits from their local NICs, and transferring royalties and fees to the main companies which are located away from the host economy.Secondly, even if the economy of the NIC is not developing, there is a tenuous relationship between social development and economic growth. Even though there is an global economi c growth annually, it is yet hard to prevent the problems of poverty, unemployment, inequality in wealth, and such other issues of social malaise. For example In Cote dIvoire, from 1960 to 1975 the TNCs could have helped to foster aggregate the growth of the economy, they did only a very little to uplift the development of the society increase in unemployment, income distribution expanded and nationals increasingly started losing the control over the industrial capacities of the country. In some, under some circumstances TNCs can act as the engines of growth of economy, the power of economy is very rarely harnessed to the achievement of development.Overall impact to the EnvironmentTransnational corporations can have a negative impact through a demotion of resources in the environment to the social development. And over the past ten years such entities had been responsible for environmental disasters. For an example, Union Carbide in Bhopal, India, Exxons Valdez spill off Alaska, and Texaco in Ecuador.To a group of environmental problems TNCs have been linked. Fifty part of the green house emissions are generated by them, in which they are responsible for global warming. Furthermore they are also the users of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and they are also producers of CFCs. Explaining further, transnational corporations are responsible for the pollution of land, air, wetlands, water and the oceans. Ultimately, through their mining activities and commercial record, there is a contribution to deforestation by the TNC. For example in the mid-1980s, there was a control of 90per cent of the logging by the foreign corporations in Gabon and in Congo it was 77 per cent. As a result of such mining and logging negative effects such as flooding, loss of topsoil rapid run-off of rain have occurred Farmers are economically not in a ample status to buy the land from forest owners and usually TNCs dont internalize such social costs. Hence such negative extern alities cannot be prevented.The relationship between TNCs and the environment is massively complex even though transnational corporations can definitely obstruct social development through their environmental practices .But yet the Critics dont mention that utilisation of environmental resources should be abstained by transnational corporations, instead they should promote sustainable growth and development via their activities. In the meantime there is a practice by the TNCs to follow demoted environmental standards in the developing countries with comparison to the developed countries and it is found with evidence that environmental practices are more responsible in developing countries than in local firms functioning in such countries. Nevertheless, critics emphasize that, as a result of having better resources they have better access to research and development, It is the responsibility of the TNCs to promote environmentally sustainable practices and they bare that responsibili ty. Some companies undergoing so much of pressure have started to follow more environmentally responsible policies. Example, a maligned polluter named Dow Chemical, had to establish one-and-a-half days each session with the environmentalists brief senior management quarterly. The salary of the manager was pegged to the goals of the environment, and a toxic release of 32 per cent between 1988 and 1991. Further some laudable environmental practices were also implemented by the IBM including rewards for the employees for technical innovations which helped to comply with the environmental standards. Finally 18 environmental awards were won by ATT since 1990.On the other hand, expect these three companies majority pillage to consume environmental resources from the countries that are developing and they consume these environmental resources in a destructive and discrepant manner. practices which certainly hamper prospects for social development. Some of the companies that involves in i ssues related to the environment are General Electric and DuPont, for example, Dupont was responsible for toxic chemical releases in 254 one million million pounds during the period of 1991 in the United States , and this has led to minimize such practices that destroys environment.e.g.In December 1984, one of the worlds worst industrial disasters occurred in a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India. Poisonous gas leaked from a negligently maintained chemical factory killing 3,000 and injuring over 200,000. See Reinhold (1985), Lueck (1985) and Everest (1985).An Exxon ship called the Valdez crashed off the coast of Alaska, spilling thousands of gallons of oil into the ocean and killing large amounts of marine life. The company untruthfully maintained that the oil spill had caused only minor damage and that the oil spill had been satisfactorily neutralized (de George, op. cit., p. 5).Conclusion-s-cool.co.uk. (). Geography GCSE Industry. Newly industrialised countries South Korea. (), . http//www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/industry/industry-in-the-developing-world.html